OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION CAUSED BY CHEMICAL EXPOSURE: CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
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Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction caused by chemical exposure has become an important public health issue due to increasing industrialization, environmental pollution, and occupational hazards. The olfactory system is highly sensitive to toxic chemicals because olfactory receptor neurons are directly exposed to the external environment. Exposure to toxic substances such as solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial gases may result in temporary or permanent impairment of smell perception. Olfactory dysfunction significantly affects quality of life by impairing nutrition, safety, emotional well-being, and social interactions. This article reviews the current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chemically induced olfactory dysfunction. The mechanisms involve damage to the olfactory epithelium, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration, and central nervous system involvement. Diagnostic approaches include clinical history, olfactory testing, imaging studies, and laboratory investigations. Current treatment strategies include removal from exposure, pharmacological therapy, olfactory training, and supportive management. Future research should focus on neuroregenerative therapies and improved occupational safety measures.
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